Development of the Montessori Method Essay -- Maria Montessori ISD Met

Maria Montessori and the ISD Model: Development of the Montessori Method Summary The paper I prepared begins with a description of the Montessori Method and a historical narration of the professional career of Dr. Maria Montessori. I also included some biographical information as to her origins and the identity of her parents. I then drew a comparison of her methods for developing the Montessori Method and her career to the ISD model. I compared significant events in her career to the analysis phase. Explaining that her experience with children lead her to develop her programs. Then I drew a comparison to her work with the design and development phases, citing her materials that she uses in her classrooms and the classrooms themselves. Finally I compared her implementation and subsequent discoveries to the implementation and evaluation phases in ISD. I concluded with my own personal opinion, that Maria Montessori was an innovator and mostly responsible for modern education. I used four directly quoted sources, one solely paraphrased, and one merely for research a nd background information. Since the late Nineteenth Century, educators and medical professionals have been concerned with the physical and mental development of children between the ages of two and seven years. During the first part of the Industrial Revolution and through the beginning of the Twentieth Century, conditions in the cities and industrial centers were deplorable. Adult workers were forced to work long hours and under extreme conditions, likewise children were made to endure arduous working environments with little or no concern for their well being, short of their ability to contribute to the work force. In Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle, he des... ...ontessori, there is a distinct pattern to her development that is remarkably similar to those proposed by the ISD model. References Works Cited Gettman, D. (1987). Basic Montessori : learning activities for under-fives. New York: St. Martin's Press. Montessori, M. (1964). Dr. Montessori's own handbook. Boston: Robert Bentley, Inc. Pines, M. (1967). Revolution in learning: the years from birth to six. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Sinclair, U. (1960). The Jungle. New York: The New American Library of World Literature. Standing, E.M. (1962). Maria Montessori: her life and work. New York: The New American Library of World Literature. Other Sources Braun, S. J. (1974). Nursery education for disadvantages children: an historical review. In Montessori in perspective. (pp. 7-24). National Association for the Education of Young Children: New York. Development of the Montessori Method Essay -- Maria Montessori ISD Met Maria Montessori and the ISD Model: Development of the Montessori Method Summary The paper I prepared begins with a description of the Montessori Method and a historical narration of the professional career of Dr. Maria Montessori. I also included some biographical information as to her origins and the identity of her parents. I then drew a comparison of her methods for developing the Montessori Method and her career to the ISD model. I compared significant events in her career to the analysis phase. Explaining that her experience with children lead her to develop her programs. Then I drew a comparison to her work with the design and development phases, citing her materials that she uses in her classrooms and the classrooms themselves. Finally I compared her implementation and subsequent discoveries to the implementation and evaluation phases in ISD. I concluded with my own personal opinion, that Maria Montessori was an innovator and mostly responsible for modern education. I used four directly quoted sources, one solely paraphrased, and one merely for research a nd background information. Since the late Nineteenth Century, educators and medical professionals have been concerned with the physical and mental development of children between the ages of two and seven years. During the first part of the Industrial Revolution and through the beginning of the Twentieth Century, conditions in the cities and industrial centers were deplorable. Adult workers were forced to work long hours and under extreme conditions, likewise children were made to endure arduous working environments with little or no concern for their well being, short of their ability to contribute to the work force. In Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle, he des... ...ontessori, there is a distinct pattern to her development that is remarkably similar to those proposed by the ISD model. References Works Cited Gettman, D. (1987). Basic Montessori : learning activities for under-fives. New York: St. Martin's Press. Montessori, M. (1964). Dr. Montessori's own handbook. Boston: Robert Bentley, Inc. Pines, M. (1967). Revolution in learning: the years from birth to six. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Sinclair, U. (1960). The Jungle. New York: The New American Library of World Literature. Standing, E.M. (1962). Maria Montessori: her life and work. New York: The New American Library of World Literature. Other Sources Braun, S. J. (1974). Nursery education for disadvantages children: an historical review. In Montessori in perspective. (pp. 7-24). National Association for the Education of Young Children: New York.

Sociology and Durkheim Social Disorganization

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND IT’S TYPES: DEFINITION OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION: Social Disorganization theory began around the late 1800s. Social Disorganization refers to organizations and institutions failing in communities or neighborhoods, preventing these areas from overcoming the crime and issues of the day. The social disorganization theory is a key component in the study of criminology. Theories under the umbrella of social disorganization seek to identify and predict trends in criminal or deviant behavior among groups within a social network.The effort is designed to address criminal activity and the variables that might predict undesired behavior within a community. According to Elliott and Merrill: â€Å"Social disorganization are the totality of human personalities and conscious and unconscious attitudes, their crystallized and uncrystallized ideas and institutions which in complex interrelationships make up the framework of human existences. Social organization refe rs to the way people relate themselves to one another. It also refers to the way in which person and groups making up a society are somehow held together.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.Social organization and social structure are interchangeable concepts both referring to any interrelated system of role and statuses. † Ogburn and Nimkoff said that: â€Å"When the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture is disturbed, social disorganization ensues. Social disorganization implies some breakdown in the organization of society. It is a relative phenomenon. Social organization and social disorganization is the dual aspects of the whole functioning of society. The social disorganization theory attributes crime and delinquency to communities where failing communal institutions, such as family, church, local government and schools, are found. According to this theory, communal relationships reinforce positive behavior, a sense of community respo nsibility and concern for the social network within a close area. When these communal relationships are faulty or nonexistent, that social network loses a sense of organization and social responsibility, which can potentially lead to negative or even criminal behavior spreading through that neighborhood.Types of Social Disorganization: Types of social disorganization are as follow: 1. Individual disorganization 2. Family disorganization 3. Community disorganization Social disorganization is the theory that crime and dysfunctional behavior occur in societies for cultural, political and economic reasons. Established communities experience increases in crime when their way of life and the established order of how things are done changes. Generally, social disorganization is caused by lack of personal control, community control and public control.Cultural Social Disorganization: †¢Cultural social disorganization emphasizes that disorganization occurs through the failure of people t o keep up with the times. When housing, means of transport and methods of communication rapidly change in a society, beliefs, attitudes and habits do not change as quickly. Authority figures resist change and find it difficult to integrate the new circumstances into their lives. This lag can result in social disorganization and increased crime rates. Political Social Disorganization: When a country or neighborhood has a large influx of new populations, such as immigrants, or are dealing with social upheavals or wars, political corruption can threaten the stability of a society. Political social disorganization also occurs when a country becomes subordinate to another country. The subordinate country loses its ability to govern itself and develop its own institutions, leading to subsequent loss of societal values, which can result in more crime in the society. Crime rates are less prevalent in stable communities. Economic Social Disorganzation: †¢Social and natural crises can gi ve rise to economic social disorganization.Famines, floods, epidemics and other natural disasters can disrupt social balances. Disparity between desires and the money to attain those goals can also affect the rise of crime. Illegitimate means will be used when legal ways to acquire them are not available. Unfair division of labor and physical deterioration of neighborhoods were also found to result in social disorganization. Some sociologist believe that the introduction of commerce and high levels of industrialization lead to higher crime rates. With the demise of traditional norms of behavior, new forms of behavior — whether productive or not — are likely to increase.INDIVIDUAL: 1. Individual difficulties such as physical, social, mental handicaps which may or may not lead to social disorganization. 2. Certain handicaps as a result of which the individual becomes habituated to some social vice. This ultimately affects his life organization as well as others in the co mmunity bringing social disorganization in the society. 3. Biological and physical factors which without proper control through modern technology creates problem of mass disorganization. 4. Decay in the existing institutions whether educational, religious, recreational, family, etc which ultimately affects the community. . Change in values and conflicts in role due to the rapid spread of technology, industrialization, urbanization and mass communication creating problems of national disorganization. When a number of individuals suffer from a similar type of disorganization, a social problem is in existence. In other word, individual disorganization, social problem, and social disorganization are closely interrelated to each other. Here individual disorganization may arises because of various factors such as biological, environmental, loss of security crisis in life, there can be two possibilities: 1.Individual disorganization may grow independent of social disorganization. For insta nce, if a person has ill health or is unable to meet his social demands it may leads to his physical or nervous breakdown and upset his personal plans and life schemes. 2. Suppose an individual is a leader or occupies a strategic position in society, which is often the case, then any disorganization in him leads to social disorganization if not checked. Each such disorganized such individual affects other individuals and in so doing produces social disorganization.According to Elliott and Merrill all type of personal maladjustment represent in one way or another, the inability of the individual to achieve a satisfactory life organization from the point of view of the social definition of his social patterns. 1. The behavior of the disorganized person deviates from the culturally approved norms. 2. His behavior arouses social disapproval which may vary from mild to marked (and even violence one. ) 3. The disorganized person may respond to social disapproval in two ways, i. e. positiv ely or negatively. Individual and Society: Social disorganization in a simple society:The social change, social disorganization and personal disorganization have their genesis in the variant behavior of the individuals. In simple societies, however deviations in behavior is minimum. Therefore there is a little awareness of their existence by the group. New coordination is made both for the society and for the individual with a minimum of stress and strain. Social disorganization in a complex society: The functioning of three important factors is commonly held responsible for spontaneous variations in behavior. They are – the specialized functioning inherent in complex society.The family as a culture defining agency and cultural participation outside the particular social order. The result is the emergence of a wide variety of various response patterns out of which develops disorganization both in society and individual. Some innovations find ready acceptance because they are related to those aspect of culture which are found outside institutional pattern. Innovations in mores, ideas and beliefs often meet with social disapproval because they vary from the accepted pattern. In simple society people revamp the discordant elements to the degree that their variance is no longer apparent.Innovations which meet with organized resistance tend to result in marked social disorganization. All positive response to social disapproval does not result in attempts to explain the variant behavior in terms of the welfare of the group. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members.This point of view does not deny the causative role of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All social change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Personal disorganization represents the behavior of the individual which deviates from the social norms. It results in social disapproval which may express itself in a wide variety of degree. The individual may also react in different ways. Social reality presents an endless confusion of social disapproval from time to time. It may be mild or violent. Accordingly individuals respond either positively or negatively to social disapproval. The most visible aspect of personal disorganization in complex societies is that in which there is mild social disapproval to which the individual responds positively.This kind of personal disorganization does not deeply disturb the social order. The second aspect of social disorganization is that in which there is violent social disapproval and yet the individual responds positively. In the third aspect in which the individual's response to social disapproval is subjective the person retreats into an individually defined inner world. His innovations lose their social character. He becomes enmeshed in the development of mechanisms which further isolate him from the normal influences of group life.This type of personal disorganization results in psychosis through which the individual tries to escape from the web of social relations and in suicide. Social disorganization consists of the co-ordination of individual responses as a result of the operation of consensus and control. Personal organization refers to the coordination and integration of the attitude systems within the personality. A change in the cultural context which destroys the functioning of coordination that constitutes the social order represents social disorganization.Similarly any variant behavior which disturbs the integration of the attitude systems within the personality represents personal disorganization. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members. This point of view does not deny the causative ole of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All soci al change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Depression and Disorganization: There are many medical conditions that can contribute to a disorganized and chaotic life. The most common is depression. A depressed person is usually apathetic, lethargic, disinterested, and this can lead to disorganization. Mental Disorder: Other mental problems such as bipolar disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia are all included under the mental umbrella that can cause a chaotic life. Besides depression and mental disorders, grief and pain c an also lead to mounds of clutter. Emotional Clutter and Disorganization:Another reason why people suffer from disorganization is because their emotional and social lives are cluttered. The psychological feeling of being overwhelmed can lead to a disorganized life. In these cases time management and acknowledging priorities are two possible cures for eliminating disorganization. ADD and Disorganization: Attention deficit disorder plays a huge factor in a person's ability to get organized. People who have problems with organization and planning should be checked for ADD disorder. Organization and planning are two of the biggest challenges for those suffering from attention deficit disorder.Unfortunately, standard organizing practices normally don't work for those with ADD and specialized strategies must be developed so that a person can get their life in order. Misconceptions: Most people attempt to solve disorganization by purchasing products and tools, but the Institute of Living, located in Hartford, Conn. , says this may not work. According to the Institute of Living, disorganization is commonly not a house problem that can be solved with buying bins, organizers, hangers and other household accessories, but rather a personal problem that can only be solved when the individual fundamentally changes his behavior.Causes of Social Disorganization: According to Maclver and Page five main factors such as psychological, biological, physical, technological and culture bring about social change. When the changes brought about these factors in the social structure are so disturbing that the present institution and other means of social control are no longer able to control them by adjusting themselves to the new situations there arise social disorganization. Factors of social disorganization at a particular period are so interrelated that it is difficult to find which factor is predominant.Elliott and Merrill observe that in order to understand the full implications of a study of social disorganization we must keep in mind the complex nature of all social phenomena. Out of man's fruitless search for unique causes has come recognition of the multiple factors which account for such characteristics of modern society as the decline in the acceptance of revealed religion the changing structure of the family, the increasing importance of the central government, and the lowering standards of morality. Others would rely on a reconstructuction of the fundamental economic institutions to bring about the changes.Still another group insists that the basis of all human woe lies in the biological field. Each of these groups however ignore the selective nature of the interpretation while on the other hand any realistic social understanding must consider all the factors related to the particular manifestation of social disorganization which is under investigation. Elliott and Merrill has described the four main causes for the disorganization- †¢The social processes under the three main heads-cultural, political and economic †¢Cultural lag Conflicting attitudes and values †¢Social crises Social disorganization is mainly due to cultural degeneration of values in various spheres such as art, science, philosophy, religion, law and politics. According to Karl Mannheim unplanned capitalism and policy of laissez faire are responsible for social disintegration in the present age which Bertrand Russell observes that â€Å"the lack of adjustment in institutions based on authority in the past is responsible for the present social disorganization. † G.R Medan has listed a few factors responsible for disorganization. †¢Psychological factors:- The cause of social disorganization is to be found in the human psychology itself. Psychological factors contribute to disorganization in two ways:- (a)Failure to maintain proper communication among fellow beings. (b)Failure to modify or change one's attitudes in tune with demands of t ime. †¢Cultural lag:- Cultural lag is the concept used by W. E. Ogburn refers to the imbalance in the rate and speed of change between the material cultural and non-material culture.Objects of material culture such as mode of housing, means of transport and communication, types of dresses, patterns of ornaments, technical and mechanical devices, instruments change very quickly. But ideas, beliefs, attitudes, taste, philosophies, habits, ideologies, institutional structures and such other aspects of non-material culture change slowly and gradually. Hence a gap or a lag arises between the material and non-material culture. This lag referred to as cultural lag invites the process of disorganization to set in. †¢Physical or geographic factors:-The adjustment of man and his culture to certain extraordinary physical or geographic conditions or situations may cause disorganization in society. This is especially true in the case of natural calamities such as storms, cyclones, hurr icanes, famines, floods, epidemics etc which upset the social balance and bring in social disorganization. †¢Biological factors:- Population explosion or extreme scarcity of population the instances of racial intermixture, defective hereditary traits and such other biological factors may also cause disorganizing effects upon society. †¢Ecological factor:-Social disorganization is related to environment in terms of regions and neighborhoods. †¢Social problems leading to social disorganization:- Social problems and forces such as a revolution, social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis, a war between nations, mental illness, and political corruption threaten the welfare of the society. †¢Degeneration of values:- Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline.At the same time people are not in a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Hence conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result of which leads to the social disorganization. †¢Disintegration and confusion of roles:- Members of society are expected to perform certain definite roles in accordance with their placements in society. Due to profound social changes these expectations also undergo change. Consequently people are confused with regard to their new roles. †¢Political subservience:- Political subordination of a country will result in social disorganization.The subordinate country is not permitted to develop its economy and institutions independently and is made as a means to serve the interest of the dominant country. †¢Conflict of goals and means:- Conflict of goals and means for achieving them may also cause disorganization. Most of the individuals share the dominant goals of the society and act accordingly. But lacking the means f or achieving the goals by legitimate means some may resort to illegitimate and illegal means resulting in vice, crime and other expression of social disorganization. †¢Decline of social control:-The declining control of religion, morals, customs, traditions and other institutions on the behavior of men has also enhanced the process of disorganization. There is an increase in interpersonal conflicts, crimes, tensions, divorce, delinquency, mental derangement etc. According to Thomas and Znaniecki the very decrease of the influence of existing rule of behavior upon the individual members of the group itself indicates social disorganization. †¢Extreme divisions of labor:- According to Durkheim social disorganization is often brought about by extreme division of labour.In normal course according to him division of labor leads to social solidarity may become disturbed. †¢Disruptive social change:- Society undergoes change mainly due to the operation of physical, biological , technological and cultural factors. Sudden and radical social changes may disrupt the stability and the organization of the society. The result is social disorganization. Prevention/Solution: According to the National Study Group on Chronic Disorganization, a person who finds herself continuously surrounded by mess and should seek help and work with a professional organizer who is knowledgeable about disorganization issues.A person who is able to get organized can experience better mental and physical health. Organization places a person in a more productive environment that is conducive to enhancing his quality of life. Conclusion: Disorganization can cause havoc in a person's life. There are multiple reasons that a person can have a disorganized life. In some cases a disruptive life event is to blame for disorganization. Events like relocation, a new baby, or even a loss can all affect the organization of one's environment. Other times an emotional or mental disorder is contribu ting to the disorganization.Disorganization can also be brought on by something as diminutive as a change in mindset. The studies reviewed above indicate that social disorganization is an important predictor of youth violence and crime, and that social disorganization has its impact on youth violence and crime by affecting a number of mediating processes that facilitate youth violence. The findings also indicate that researchers and practitioners need to consider the linkages between economic deprivation and social disorganization when attempting to explain the genesis of youth violence.In attempting to attenuate youth violence, a number of policy implications are suggested by social disorganization theory. REFERENCES: http://www. sociologyguide. com/social-pathology/personal-disorganization. php http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=MXpiJWE7m5cC=PA32=PA32=INDIVIDUAL+DISORGANIZATION+in+india=bl=mLW-FbCxK5=BGnlIeTBCwenAz4t_NtYJykxu5c=en=X=bQJrUZbYLK6P7Ab874HgAw=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepag e=INDIVIDUAL%20DISORGANIZATION%20in%20india=false FAMILY DISORGANIZATION Many marriages don't live up to high expectations, of people and families, so they break down or are violent.Some believe these are exceptional problems, but feminists believe it's because of male/female inequities. Family is the universal social institution, of all the institutions, it is most multifunctional, inspite of the fact that in some societies many of its previous functions have been partially taken over by other institutions. In many societies, including Pakistani society, the family is still the principal agency for social control and for educational, religious, protective, recreative and other institutional functions.Family: Sampson (1986) indicates that social disorganization may have an effect on youth violence through its effects on family structures and stability. He suggested that traditional social disorganization variables may influence community crime rates when taking into account the effe cts of levels of family disruption. This may occur by (1)removing an important set of control structures over youths’ behaviour, and (2)creating greater opportunities for criminal victimization (i. e. , through the lack of capable guardianship).Essentially, Sampson (1986) recognized the relationship of social disorganization theory to control theory and routine activities/lifestyle theory. To test his assertions, Sampson (1986) used three measures of family structure. First, he included a measure of the per cent of residents in a neighbourhood who were ever married and who were either divorced or separated. The second measure of family structure was the per cent of female-headed families. Finally, he included a measure of the per cent of primary or single-headed households.His analyses revealed that, independent of the traditional social disorganization variables, the family structure variables each had a direct significant effect on community crime rates. Thus, Sampsonâ€⠄¢s work identified an important and additional source of social disorganization (implicit in the work of Shaw and McKay) that had been previously overlooked by empirical studies. McNulty and Bellair (2003) also investigated the importance of family processes within the social disorganization tradition.This study integrates theory and research in criminology and urban sociology to specify a contextual model of differences in adolescent violence between whites and five racial-ethnic groups. The model presented views these differences as a function of variation in community contexts, family socioeconomic well-being, and the social capital available to adolescents and families. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey (1988 to 1992), which included information on 14,358 adolescents across 2,988 US locales, were matched with community-level data from the 1990 US census to test the resulting model.The white-black disparity in adolescents’ fighting is explained by highe r levels of disadvantage in the communities in which black children often live. The disadvantage index accounted for the largest reduction in the black effect on fighting, reflecting the well-documented concentration of disadvantage in black communities. Importantly, and in agreement with the importance of family processes for social disorganization theory, the results indicate that the effect of concentrated disadvantage on fighting is mediated by more proximate processes that are linked to family well-being.Tolan, Gorman-Smith and Henry (2003) employ data from a longitudinal study of 284 African-American and Latino adolescent boys and their caregivers, living in poor urban communities, to test a developmental-ecological model of violence. Six annual waves of data were applied to evaluate the relations between microsystem influences of parenting and peer deviance, macrosystem influences of community structural characteristics and neighbourhood social organization, and individual in volvement in violence. Structural equation modelling analyses showed that community structural characteristics significantly predicted neighbourhood social processes.Importantly, it was found that parenting practices partially mediated the relation between neighbourhood social processes and gang membership. Consistent with the above research that social disorganization may influence the level of youth violence through its effect on family processes, other researchers have found that family processes may be used to mitigate the deleterious effects of social disorganization. Burfeind (1984), for example, examined the role of the family, within a larger social context, as it relates to delinquency.This study focused on 1,588 non-black junior and senior high school students in the US. Burfeind analyzed the interactive effects of five family dimensions in relation to four other causal variables commonly associated with delinquency involvement: community social disorganization, delinquent friends, attachment to peers, and delinquent definitions. Analysis revealed that family factors influenced delinquency in different ways. The level of an adolescent’s attachment to the father was found to be independently related to delinquent activity after controlling for all other effects (independent and interactive).Paternal discipline had an interactive effect on delinquency, such that the type of paternal discipline influenced the effect that community social disorganization and the number of delinquent friends had on delinquency. Sampson (1992) has attempted to consolidate the empirical findings that relate social disorganization to family processes and then to delinquency and youth violence. In so doing, he has developed a community-level theory of social disorganization, which places primary emphasis on family management practices and child health and development.He notes that the embeddedness of families and children in a community context is a central feature of the theory. Prenatal care, child abuse prevention, monitoring and supervision of youth, and other family management practices are intertwined with community networks of social organization. Social disorganization directly and indirectly influences the care of children and other family processes, and ultimately, rates of delinquency and crime FAMILY DISORGANISATION This describes breakdown, due to functional failure and role failure. Causes and effects of disorganization include: Death, disability or serious illness. †¢Births outside marriage. †¢Divorce, separation, desertion of living in an empty-shell marriage (partners live together but really all over). †¢Conflict, including abuse/neglect. †¢Disruption caused from outside by unemployment, war, imprisonment or persecution. CAUSES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢Big increase since sixties. One in three in divorce. reasons include: CONSEQUENCES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢More one parent families, c ohabiting, remarriage, step-parents, and reconstituted families, where both married before and both bring children to the new union. Increased welfare dependence. †¢Disadvantaged children, a subject of debate. †¢Decline in the importance of family IS THE FAMILY IN DECLINE? Arguments predicting decline: †¢It failed, oppressive (Leach), encourages violence (Dobash and Dobash), exploits women (Bernard). Supporters of the nuclear family condemn decline of family values (e. g. Marslands attack on single mothers). †¢Arguments against decline (by functionalist supporters of the family). †¢Divorce is because of higher expectations, so people think more of marriage as an institution. Divorce is the failure of individual marriages, not families in general. †¢Remarriage suggests discontent with a person, not an institution. †¢Serial monogamy (multiple marriages over a lifetime) and reconstituted family are change in structure, not decline in the family itself . †¢Other Views †¢ Marxist: Family changes as capitalism develops but continues to reproduce inequality. Feminist: Family changes but continues to exploit women. You need to be able to tell the difference between family and household, reality and ideal, etnhic and other forms of diversity. DEFINING FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS No agreed definition. Common characteristics are: oliving together oeconomic cooperation oreproduction osocialization of children. †¢A household is a group who live together or share aspects of life eg. eating together. †¢Nuclear families, are parents and immature children. Murdock argues this this is universal. †¢Extended families, add kin. †¢Ideal family, approved model by society. Other types might be frowned upon. Feminists say ideal family been promoted to exploit women. †¢Attitudes and language change. Lone parent families used to be (disapprovingly) unmarried mothers and children.DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD â₠¬ ¢Includes many one person, childless couples, unmarried with or without children, remarried sometimes with third outside person. †¢Many live in more than one nuclear family throughout life. Most live in variety of family and household arrangements during their lifetimes. IDEOLOGY OF THE FAMILY Ideology is a set of beliefs that forward a particular group, or their interests. Marxists and feminists referred to the ideology of the family. Increasing the pressure to have a happy family. ETHNIC DIVERSITYStudies often by outsiders confirming stereotypes. They do vary according to class, religion and individual factors though. Why are there distinctive patterns of family life? Economic influences – History of slavery may have encouraged female-led afro-Caribbean family. Unemployment may have encouraged persisting extended families. Cultural differences – more likely to persist if a group maintains a distinct language and religion. Discrimination and disadvantage â€⠀œ Racism encourages keeping distinct culture. Westwood and Bhachu (1988), say family is a main strength and resistance.

Personality of an Intp - 1425 Words

Myers Briggs personality test: The personality of an INTP Abstract An introverted intuitive thinker otherwise known as an INTP personality type is who I am. The research I have conducted explains the way I grow and think as a human being. It will give reason to my nonsocial habits and my tendencies to focus in on problems. This research not only gives understanding to the basic of my personality traits but it demonstrated my strengths and weaknesses as well. INTPs are very logical people and can do great things. As thinkers INTPs look at wide variety of outcomes in a situation. Clarity is essential to how situations are handled. My research gave a look on how I perceive the world. My ideas sometime don’t fit into reality. Perception,†¦show more content†¦Living primarily inside their own minds, having the ability to analyze difficult problems, identify patterns, and come up with logical explanations. Seeking clarity in everything, therefore driven to build knowledge. Intelligence and the ability to apply logic to theories to find solutions is highly valued. The natural drive to turn theories into concrete understanding ma y turn into a feeling of personal responsibility to solve theoretical problems, and help society move towards a higher understanding (Portrait of an INTP. 2012.). â€Å"INTPs are pensive, analytical folks. They may venture so deeply into thought as to seem detached, and often actually are oblivious to the world around them (Butt, J. 2012).† Careers for an INTP INTPs have a special gift with generating and analyzing theories and possibilities to prove or disprove them. They have a great deal of insight and are creative thinkers, which allow them to quickly grasp complex abstract thoughts. They also have exceptional logical and rational reasoning skills, which allow them to thoroughly analyze theories to discover the Truth about them. INTPs will be happiest in careers which allow them a great deal of autonomy in which they can work primarily alone on developing and analyzing complex theories andShow MoreRelatedThe Jungian Personality Assessment : My Jung Type1707 Words   |  7 PagesWhat About Me Based on the Jungian personality assessment, my Jung type is INTP; which is amazingly spot on. The INTP personality type is one of the rarest, making up only three percent of the population, which is exactly how I’d like it. Just the thought of being â€Å"common† makes me cringe. A prime example of this is my preferred name, Curtis. My full name is Jon Curtis Miller and I prefer to go by my middle name. For as long as I can remember, when asked why I go by my middle name instead of my firstRead MoreAssessment Of The Myers Briggs Type Indicator888 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment Outcomes The results of my Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment revealed that I am an Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking and Perceiving (INTP) person. I don’t believe to have done this test in the past, so coming to find out that for the most part I fit the description was quite interesting. I am not necessarily everything an INTP is but it is the description that fits best. My current position at the company I work for has and will allow me to experiment with some of the materialsRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1197 Words   |  5 Pagesis are you have answered the questions you will receive a 4 letter personality type. This will then correspond with a full breakdown of your personality type. Providing a very useful information. I conducted a version of this test online, in which my results came up to be an INTP. INTP stands for Introverts, intuitive, thinking, and perceiving. Define (in your case) what each letter stands for1 The breakdown of my results of INTP includes Introvert at 41%, intuitive at 38%, thinking at 9%, and perceivingRead MorePersonality Is The Combination Of Intellectual Qualities Or Characteristics That Form An Individual s Character?851 Words   |  4 Pages Personality is the combination of intellectual qualities or characteristics that form an individual s character. There are a total sixteen different personalities that are composed of four dichotomies; Extraversion and Introversion, Sensing and Intuition, Thinking and Feeling, Judging and Perceiving. Each personality type is defined as a four letter acronym for each of the for different pairs. Each personality type yields information based on how the person thinks, feels, and behaves. AfterRead MorePersonality, Personality And Personality Assessment Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout organizational development, personality traits are a prominent discussion. Learning what personality is dominant will help me to learn how improve or change myself personally, spiritually and professionally. When an individual learns about their personality they are able to increase their positive interaction with the world, and recognize their weakness which in turns helps to recognize their sinful nature. We all have sinful tendencies, but it is a choice to act on them or not (FischerRead MoreLeadership Self Assesment Essay3998 Words   |  16 Pagesteam to struggle. This style may cause â€Å"group think† which may result in unacceptable outcomes and unintended consequences. Networking is important in leadership and politicking. Personality Profile Self-Assessment – Big Five and Myers-Briggs Big Five Model The Big Five Model (Lussier Achua, 2010) personality assessment showed a consistency in surgency, conscientiousness, and openness to experience all with scores of 33. In the dimensions of agreeableness and adjustment they scored at 26Read MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1235 Words   |  5 PagesIn this section of my leadership development plan, I am asked to examine my personality using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which was developed as a job placement tool during the 1930s and 1940s by Katherine Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs-Myers, using the theories of personality presented by Carl Jung a decade earlier (Quenk, 2009). According to the theory, each person tends to fall on one of four sides of opposing scales. The scales are Introversion (I)/Extraversion (E), Sensing (S)/IntuitionRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1166 Words   |  5 PagesWho are you? Many fortune cookies, horoscopes, and other whimsical devices attempt to tell us our personalities, o r our combination of traits and behaviors that make up who we are. However, psychologists today deviate from those unsubstantiated methods and have concocted various personality tests that give us a better understanding of who we are. One such test is called the Myers-Briggs personality test. Based on theories by Carl Jung, but primarily created by Isabel Briggs Myers and her motherRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Career1130 Words   |  5 Pagesin the last year. Ultimately, my goal is to have a rewarding career that I am passionate about. The Search According to several personality, job interest, and job skills assessments, I should be looking at careers based in science. My personality, as described by the Myer-Briggs questionnaire, support a job where I have the opportunity to investigate (INTP Personality (â€Å"The Logician†).). I have potential in the areas of Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, Natural Science, and Social Science (ACTRead MoreSummary Of The Utopia Bible 1723 Words   |  7 PagesExperiment Scientific Progression Population Regulation Religious Revolution Linguistic Relativity 5.Conclusion Epilogos Anteamble Afterword Author’s commentary Introduction: Musinicism is a theoretical model which outlines the institution of personality type as the primary means of maintaining social order, thus guaranteeing a high quality of life for every person. This book aspires to do nothing less than resolve all conflict, which of course is detrimental to social order, as well as ensuring

Italian Verbs Insegnare Conjugations

Racial Profiling Essay - 7678 Words

INTRODUCTION Over the past several years, the use of race by law enforcement agencies in their policing activities has received considerable attention across the country. The controversy regarding racial profiling has centered on police departments practices related to traffic stopsÂâ€"examining whether police have targeted drivers based on their race or ethnicity. Significant anecdotal evidence has suggested that some departments may be treating drivers of some races or ethnicities differently than white drivers. Parties using multiple definitions have complicated the debate over racial profiling. Variation among these definitions means that interested parties are often discussing different types of police practices, behavior,†¦show more content†¦The fact remains that racial profiling began long ago before the excessive interaction seen on highways and city streets alike where minorities are principally stopped. This country has a history of profiling minorities, from the inhuma n enslavement of millions of Africans during the institutionalization of slavery, to the unlawful imprisonment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps during World War II; minorities around the country have consistently been the targets of racial profiling. The problem is far deeper than just black and white; its roots lie at the economic, social, and political disparities that Anglo-Americans enjoy over minorities in this country. These disparities are a result of a system based on class status and monetary gain, two attributes enjoyed far more widely by the mainstream population than minorities (statistics about economic disparities b/ blacks and whites). Unfortunately, the same law enforcement officers that are paid with the money taken out of the checks of hardworking blue-collar workers are racially profiling the same people they are paid to protect. Virtually, at any point in time people can be stopped, harassed, or inconvenienced simply because they fit the profile of a certain class of racially stigmatized people. Some law enforcement agencies have even gone as far toShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling1430 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty years the issue of racial profiling has become extremely combative with regards to law enforcement practices. A common misconception begins as some people are unaware of what racial profiling actually is. Racial profiling typically deals with incarceration, miss education, and to certain extent slavery. The topic of slavery is relevant in the conversation of racial profiling because like slavery, African Americans have suffered ju st due their own identity. Profiling is essentially the selectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial ProfilingRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead More Racial Profiling is Necessary1040 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, Merriam-Webster’s definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.855).† The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed char acteristics or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.830).† Based on these definitions, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem969 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling has been an issue in society for as long as America had a criminal justice system. Racial profiling is a problem because it refers discriminatory practice bye-law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment was ratified which states, No state. Shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, would have made racialRead MoreThe Good and Bad of Racial Profiling1250 Words   |  5 Pages It has been said that racial profiling has been used more than once as a way to detain suspects that arouse suspcion according to NAACP. Racial profiling is the suspicion of people based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or other immutable charateristics rather than evidence based behavior. Eventhough statistics say otherwise racial profiling should not be used as a reasnoable right to detain an individual because it is unlawful, discrinmatory, and ineffective. Even though statisticsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is racial profiling. This issue, where authorities target certain individuals based on their racial characteristics, has never ceased. According to many influential claimsmakers, racial profiling has stained the United States by negatively affecting society and disturbing the certainty of justice. It is unconstitutional and leads to impactful consequences such as deaths, fear, and loss of trust in police officers, demoralization, and dehumanization of stigmatized groups of people. Racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

Bacteria research Material II Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Bacteria -research Material II Essay, Research Paper measures of stuff with which to work. The procedure of technology a Deoxyribonucleic acid fragment into a vector is called # 8220 ; cloning, # 8221 ; because multiple transcripts of an indistinguishable molecule are produced. Another manner, late discovered, of produsufficient cing many indistinguishable transcripts of a peculiar DNA fragment is polymerase concatenation reaction. This method is rapid and avoids the demand for cloning DNA into a vector. Therapy. signifier of familial technology involves providing a functional cistron to cells missing that map, with the purpose of rectifying a familial upset or acquired disease. Gene therapy can be loosely divided into two classs. The first is change of source cells, that is, sperm or eggs, which consequences in a lasting familial alteration for the whole being and subsequent coevalss. This # 8220 ; germ line cistron therapy # 8221 ; is non considered an option in worlds for ethical grounds. The 2nd type of cistron therapy, bodily cell therapy, is correspondent to an organ graft. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacteria research Material II Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this instance, one or more specific tissues is targeted by direct intervention or by remotion of the tissue, add-on of the curative cistron or cistrons in the research lab, and return of the treated cells to the patient. Several clinical tests of bodily cell cistron therapy have started, largely for the intervention of malignant neoplastic diseases and blood and liver and lung upsets. . procedure of familial technology has great possible. For illustration, the cistron for insulin ( q.v. ) , of course found merely in the pancreas tissue of higher animate beings, can now be introduced into bacterial cells by manner of a plasmid vector. The bacteriums can so be grown in big measures, giving an abundant beginning of alleged # 8220 ; recombinant # 8221 ; insulin at a comparatively low cost. Production of recombinant insulin is besides non dependent on the sometimes variable supply of pancreas tissue from butchery. Another of import usage of familial technology is in the industry of recombinant factor VIII, the blood coagulating agent losing in patients with hemophilia A ( see Hemophilia A ; ) . Virtually all haemophiliac who received factor VIII before the mid-1980s have contracted AIDS or hepatitis C ( see Hepatitis ) from viral contaminations in the blood used to do the merchandise. Since that clip, giver blood has been screened for the presence of HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) and hepatitis C virus, and the fabrication procedure includes stairss to demobilize these viruses if they should be present. The possibility of viral taint, nevertheless, is eliminated wholly with the usage of recombinant factor VIII. Other utilizations of familial technology include increasing the disease opposition of harvests, bring forthing pharmaceutical compounds in the milk of animate beings, bring forthing vaccinums, and changing farm animal traits. . the possible benefits of familial technology are considerable, so may be the possible dangers. For illustration, the deb ut of cancer-causing cistrons into a common infective being, such as the grippe virus, could be risky. Consequently, experiments with recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid are closely regulated and those affecting infective agents are permitted merely under the strictest conditions of containment ; unanticipated effects, nevertheless, may happen as the consequence of familial use. the U.S. , experimental protocols for the usage of bodily cell cistron therapy are reviewed by both the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . The FDA has already approved human drugs and vaccinums, diagnostic devices, and nutrient processing enzymes produced through recombinant DNA engineering, and is supervising the coevals of genetically engineered nutrient harvests. The U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) regulates usage of genetically engineered workss, micro-organisms, and veterinary biological merchandises. B.C.C. For farther information on this subject, see ~Biblio. Branchs and schools of doctrine, ~Biblio. Genetics. ACIDS, complex molecules produced by populating cells and viruses. Their name comes from their initial isolation from the karyon of life cells. Certain nucleic acids, nevertheless, are found non in the cell nucleus but in cell cytol. Nucleic acids have at least two maps: to go through on familial features from one coevals to the following, and to trip the industry of specific proteins. How nucleic acids accomplish these maps is the object of some of the most intense and promising research presently under manner. The nucleic aci Dss are the cardinal substances of life things, believed by research workers to hold foremost been formed about 3 billion old ages ago, when the most simple signifiers of life began on Earth. The beginning of the alleged familial codification they carry has been accepted by research workers as being really near in clip to the beginning of life itself ( see Evolution ; Genetics ) . Biochemists have succeeded in decoding the codification, that is, finding how the sequence of nucleic acids dictates the construction of proteins. two categories of nucleic acids are the deoxyribonucleic acids ( DNA ) and the ribonucleic acids ( RNA ) . The anchors of both DNA and RNA molecules are shaped like coiling strands. Their molecular weights ( see Molecule ) are in the 1000000s. To the anchors are connected a great figure of smaller molecules ( side groups ) of four different types ( see Amino Acids ) . The sequence of these molecules on the strand determines the codification of the peculiar nuclei c acid. This codification, in bend, signals the cell how to reproduce either a extra of itself or the proteins it requires for endurance. populating cells contain the familial stuff Deoxyribonucleic acid. The cells of bacteriums may hold but one strand of DNA, but such a strand contains all the information needed by the cell in order to reproduce an indistinguishable progeny. The cells of mammals contain tonss of DNA strands grouped together in chromosomes. In short, the construction of a Deoxyribonucleic acid molecule or combination of DNA molecules determines the form, signifier, and map of the progeny. Some viruses, called retroviruses, contain merely RNA instead than DNA, but viruses in themselves are by and large non considered true life beings ( see Virus ) . open uping research that revealed the general construction of DNA was performed by the British biophysicists Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins and by the American biochemist James Dewey Watson. Using an X-ray diffraction image of the DNA molecule obtained by Wilkins in 1951, Crick and Watson were able to build ( 1953 ) a theoretical account of the DNA molecule. For their work, the three scientists received the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medical specialty. The American biochemist Arthur Kornberg synthesized Deoxyribonucleic acid from â€Å"off-the-shelf† substances, for which he was awarded, with the American biochemist Severo Ochoa ( for research on RNA ) , the 1959 Nobel Prize in physiology or medical specialty. The Deoxyribonucleic acid that he synthesized, although structurally similar to natural DNA, was non biologically active. In 1967, nevertheless, Kornberg and a squad of research workers at Stanford University succeeded in bring forthing biologically active Deoxyribonucleic acid from comparatively simple chemicals. sorts of RNA have a somewhat different map from that of DNA. They take portion in the existent synthesis of the proteins a cell produces. This is of peculiar involve ment to virologists because many viruses reproduce by â€Å"forcing† the host cells to fabricate more viruses. The virus injects its ain RNA into the host cell, and the host cell obeys the codification of the occupying RNA instead than that of its ain. Therefore the cell produces proteins that are, in fact, viruses alternatively of the proteins required for cell map. The host cell is destroyed, and the freshly formed viruses are free to shoot their RNA into other host cells. construction of two types of RNA and their map in protein production have been determined, one type by a squad of Cornell University and U.S. Department of Agriculture research workers led by Robert W. Holley of Cornell, and the other type by James T. Madison ( 1933- ) and George A. Everett ( 1924- ) of the Department of Agriculture. Important research into the reading of the familial codification and its function in protein synthesis was besides performed by the Indian-born American chemist Har Gobind Kh orana at the University of Wisconsin Enzyme Institute and the American biochemist Marshall W. Nirenberg of the National Heart Institute. In 1970 Khorana achieved the first complete synthesis of a cistron and repeated his effort in 1973. Since so one type of RNA has been synthesized. Besides, in the early 1980s, a squad of life scientists at the National Jewish Hospital in Denver, Colo. , proved that in some instances RNA can work as a true accelerator ( see Catalysis ) . See besides Heredity. S.Z.L. For farther information on this subject, see ~Biblio. Cell, ~Biblio. Nucleic acids, ~Biblio. Geneticss. This was all pure research stuff sound from books. Just so you guys Dons have to look it all up yourselvs. Bye, Studphish

Competition and Entrepreneurship Monopolistic Competition

Question: Discuss about the Competition and Entrepreneurship Monopolistic Competition. Answer: Introduction: In the opinion of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be stated that there are larger number of producers under the monopolistically competitive market. The seller sale differentiated products under this type of market structure. Hence, it can be mentioned that the products are not identically substitutes to each other. On the other hand, the producers can charge the price and it is charged by the competitors. Therefore, product differentiation is the key factor, which can effectively define the market structure of monopolistic competition. According to Balistreri Rutherford (2013), it can be stated that monopolistic competitive market is the grouping of perfect competition and the monopoly. A number of firms can freely enter into the market under this type of market structure. On the other hand, it can be added that each firm is treated like a monopolist in the aggregate market, where the products are differentiated and closely substitutes. The demand curve for the products will be downward sloping. Moreover, this demand curve would reflect the price of the products. In the words of Baumol Blinder (2015), each of the organisations under monopolistic competition focused to maximise the profitability statement. In this context, it can be mentioned that each of the organisation would like to set their output level in such a way, for which marginal revenue is equivalent to marginal cost. As a result, the first order condition of profit maximisation can be explained as MR=MC and this condition is equivalent to the monopolistic competitive market. The major difference between these two types of market can be identified as marginal revenue curve relies on the residual demand curve in the place of market demand curve in the monopolisticallycompetitive market structure. On the other hand, Bertoletti Etro (2015) opined that residual demand curve under the monopolistic competition is nothing but the aggregate market demand of the net productivity of other sellers. Therefore, it can be inferred that monopolistic competition is a special type of market where there are a large number of producers. They are mainly aimed to sale differentiated products. Nonetheless, the products are these goods are not homogeneous in characteristics. In the points of Calvo Prez (2016), the demand curve of these goods is assumed to be elastic in nature. The reason behind the elastic demand curve can be explained as the sellers in the market sale differentiated goods. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the organisations are closely substitute to each other. Hence, it can be inferred that if one organisation increase the price of the goods, then most of the customers will get the opportunity to switch other products for purchasing. On the other hand, it can be stated that the demand elasticity of the products are not perfectly elastic. In this connection, it can be mentioned that there are small number of competitors under the monopolistically competitive market stru cture. The above diagram highlighted that the suppliers of the monopolistic competition are acted such as a price makers. This diagram explains that the organisation will produce at the level of Q. In this level, the marginal revenue would be equal to the marginal cost. This price level would be evaluated under a specific circumstance where the average revenue curve touches the estimated quantity. Moreover, Collier Venables (2014) highlighted that this situation under monopolistic competition would be occurred as the firms have the market power. This would reflect to gain the social dead weight loss of the firm. In the above diagram, the orange coloured shaded region can effectively highlight the amount of profits of the firm, and this is the short run earning of the organisation. The above figure shows that in the long run, the monopolistically competitive firms would be capable to produce up to a certain level, where the marginal cost curve would be able to touch the marginal revenue curve. On the other hand, the price of the goods can be identified as the quantity produced by the organisations would touch the average revenue curve. As a result, Collier Venables (2014) opined that in the long run competitive market, the organisations will break even. In addition, it can be observed that the monopolistically competitive firms would be efficient to earn profitability statement in the short run market. This would in turn make an impact on the long run. In the long run, the monopolistically competitive firms consider the monopoly like pricing and it can reduce the demand. This can increase the necessities average total cost. As per the statement of Erku?-ztrk Terhorst (2016), it can be mentioned that for the decrease in the demand of the goods and the rise in the cost of the products the average cost curve would be tangent at the level of profit maximising price of the goods and services. As a result, in this point there would occur two specific cases under monopolistic competition. Initially, the organisations under this type of market would be able to produce a surplus in the long run. In the next situation, the firms can break even, however, would not be able to earn organisational profits. From the above diagram it can be observed that the shift of demand curve under the monopolistically competitive firm would tend to move to long run. According to Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that if the organisations would be able to earn positive as well as higher economic profitability under this type of market structure, other organisations would get the opportunity to enter into the industry. As a result, it can be observed that each of the organisations would get lower amount of market share. More specifically, it can be mentioned that the market demand curve would shift towards the leftward. This shifting of the demand curve would be continuous when the break even situation would rise in the industry. On the other hand, Feng, Wang Zhang (2014) stated that other organisations outside of the market would not be capable to enter into this type of organisational competition. As per the concept of economic efficiency, the firms under the monopolistically competitive industry are performed similarly the firms under the monopolistic firms. In this purpose, it can be stated that the firms have the supremacy to determine the price of the goods. Hence, it can be inferred that the organisations are capable to set the prices what they have estimated for their goods without the influence of the market forces. This price of the goods can be identified at the level where the profit maximising level crosses the demand curve. This pricing level would be higher in the comparison with marginal cost of the firm. As a result, the customers need to compensate the price, which is higher than the pricing structure in the perfectly competitive type market structure. On the other hand, this would reduce the consumer surplus. Moreover, Kirzner (2015) opined that the producers of the monopolistically competitive market can produce lower quantity of products compared to the quan tity of production under the perfectly competitive type market. Therefore, it can be inferred that the profitability statement would be offset and the firms can earn higher profitability by charging larger prices. Therefore, the producer surplus would be reduced. This above diagram emphasizes that the monopolistically competitive firms create the social deadweight loss as well as the inefficiency, which can be represented by the orange coloured shaded region. In this context, it can be mentioned that the productive effectiveness arises when a firm utilise all of the resources in the effective manner. As per the statement of Lucas (2016), this situation occurs when the commodity price is identified with the help of the level of marginal cost. The marginal cost of the product is equal to the average cost of the goods. On the other hand, Nikaido (2015) opined that the firms also focused to control the entire process as the price of the goods is more compared to the marginal cost under monopolistic competition. This would in turn highlight the ineffectiveness of the market. This quantity can be produced if QM and the marginal cost curve touch each other. Similarly, it can be observed that the allocative efficiency would take place if the producti on level of the goods can maximises the social well being. This situation arises when the price of the goods is similar to the marginal benefits and also similar to the marginal cost. However, the price of the products under the monopolistically competitive market would be larger compared to the marginal cost. In addition, it can be stated that the market is not the allocative efficient. Industry where the monopolistic competition prevails In the points of Olabi (2016), it can be stated that restaurant industry can be an appropriate example, where monopolistic competition prevails effectively. In this connection, it can be mentioned that there are a large number of restaurants under this type of market structure and in addition, it can be added that there is no barriers to entry and exit. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that each of the restaurant are closely substitute to each other under monopolistically competitive market structure. Profit maximisation condition: As per the statement of Parenti, Ushchev Thisse (2017), it can be stated that the restaurants increase the price up to a specific level above in the comparison with the other restaurants with which it compete in the market. Moreover, it can be added that all of the restaurants are different from the others, and some of the individuals are willing to support in continuously. Under this condition, the restaurants would be able to charge the individuals and the specific price. Short run condition: A restaurant makes a competition with the other restaurants within the market and there are no barriers to entry or barriers to exit. As a result, it can be stated that the demand curve of the products of the market is downward sloping. In addition, it can be mentioned that the restaurant would increase the price in the comparison with the other competitors. Therefore, the visitors would visit to the other restaurants where the price of the products is usually lower. Therefore, the marginal revenue curve of the restaurants would lie below the demand curve is downward sloping. In addition, the marginal revenue of the additional food substances of the restaurant will be relatively lesser compared to the overall market price. Long run condition: According to Park et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that with the entry of new companies in the market, the availability of getting foods in the restaurants can be increased. If the demand for the food substances would reduce, then the demand curve for the restaurant would be more elastic. Therefore, the demand curve for the restaurants would move to the left. As a result, new restaurants would aim to enter into the market and they will enter into the market up to a certain limit where the restaurants will be able to make economic profitability. On the other hand, it can be observed that the zero solution will be observed when the demand curve for the restaurant will be tangent to the average total cost curve. Therefore, it can be inferred that the pricing structure of the restaurants would be reduced and the output level will also be reduced. The nature of the restaurants under the monopolistic competition can be explained as the following way: Each of the restaurants under the monopolistic competition would be able to take greater decision about the price and the level of output, which is based upon the foods and the cost of production. Knowledge regarding the market structure is widely spread within the participants. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to be perfect. Moreover, the customers have the opportunity to make a review regarding the food substances, which can be obtainable in the restaurants before the selecting the menus. Nevertheless, they would not be capable to value the taste and the quality of the restaurant. In the opinion of Phelan et al., (2017), it can be stated that the risks in the monopolistic competition is related with the decision making process, the entrepreneur has an essential role than the other competitors in the market. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the participants in the market can freely enter or leave into the market. As a result, it can be mentioned that there would be no barriers to entry or barriers to exit. It can be noticed that there are four types of product differentiation under monopolistic competition. The first product differentiation is related with the physical product differentiation. In this case, the size, design, shape and the performance of the goods are related with the differentiated products. Second differentiation is associated with the packaging and the other promotional process. Next, human capital differentiation is depending upon the skills and the knowledge of the subordinates of the restaurants. Lastly, Roberts (2014) opined that the product differentiation is based upon the distribution process and in this process mailing order and the internet shopping will be considered. In the points of Roper, Love Bonner (2017), it can be mentioned that the firms under the monopolistic competition require to take the help of advertisements. Therefore, the customers or the visitors would get the clear information regarding the product specification and can recognise the differences among the products. Negative externalities In this study, it can be observed that Adani groups Carmichael coal mine is located in Queenslands Galilee Basin. Due to the performance of the organisation, the organisation has released harmful gases; therefore, third parties have been suffering from the negative externalities. In this connection, it can be stated that the first and the second parties are recognised as the producers and the consumers respectively. According to Schweinberger Suedekum (2015), it can be stated that negative externality is related with the cost or the benefits. This will in turn make an impact on the third party. They are not incurred cost or the benefit. Moreover, it can be added that negative externality is connected with the external cost. The above diagram highlights the effect of the negative externality. The optimal production quality has estimated by the Q2, here negative externality would reflect the output level. In this diagram, the shaded region would explain the deadweight loss of the society. On the other hand, the negative externalities, which are associated with the mentioned coal mine company, can be discussed in the following manner: It can decrease the life expectancy as the company release several harmful gases. These gases are such as ozone, sulphur dioxide, heavy metals. These gases are very harmful for individuals health. This would make an effect on the respiratory system and they would be admitted in the hospitals. Apart from this, the individuals would suffer from serious diseases such as lungs cancer, ataxia, renal dysfunction etc. These harmful gases also reduce the cultivation of crops of this place. Therefore, the fertility of the land would be decreased. Moreover, Stiglitz Rosengard (2015) cited that the ecosystem and the balance of the environment would be degraded. Apart from this, it can be added that Adani groups operation also raise the pollution in the air and this is identified as the negative externality. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that individuals, who live outside of the surroundings, are forced to pay for the pollution. Negative externalities also increase the medical bills and the quality of life would be decreased. Hence, the coal mining of this organisation would lead to the negative cost on the individuals. Furthermore, Zhelobodko et al., (2012) opined that Adani Groups has released green house gas and it would make an issue in the environment. As per the review of the report, it can be identified that Adani group has released sulphur near about 145 million tons. As a result, it can be inferred that due to the emissions of gravely toxic, the water would be polluted. As per the statement of Roberts (2014), negative externality has adverse impact on the expansion of the economic function. Hence, external diseconomy would reflect the environment by increasing the level of pollution. The above figure shows the effect of the negative externality. The coal industry is operated in the competitive market. In this connection, it can be noticed that marginal social cost is larger than the marginal private cost. Marginal social cost is higher due to the amount of external cost. Moreover, it can be added that the marginal benefits is related with the function of coal mining. Hence, the marginal social cost would similar to the marginal private benefit. The above figure depicted that if the individuals would consider their own private cost, then it will end with the price level P1 and quantity Q1. In this purpose, individual would not consider the higher effectual price P2 and the effective quantity Q2. The social cost is larger than social benefit. Individuals would be better off between the quantity of Q1 and The government can improve the operational function of Adani groups. In this study, importance of development of the environmental recompense mechanism has described, which can reduce the negative externality. On the other hand, ecological services have a specific economic valuation. Therefore, it would exchange the perfectly competitive market. Moreover, market failure is also associated with the operation of coal mining. It can optimally supervise the performance of resource developers to restore the locality. Therefore, the relationship between the ecological as well as environmental balances would be improved. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., Massaro, D. (2015). PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., Rutherford, T. F. (2013). Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., Etro, F. (2015). Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., Prez, A. M. J. (2016). Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., Venables, A. J. (2014). Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., Terhorst, P. (2016). Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. (2016). Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., Zhang, X. (2014). Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. (2016). Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. (2016). Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., Thisse, J. F. (2017). Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., Seshadri, S. (2015). Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I. (2017). Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. (2014). The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.